No matter which party controls the presidency or the Congress, the bureaucracy has continued to grow. In fact, one of the most conservative presidents in recent memory, George W. Bush, expanded the bureaucracy considerably in the wake of 9/11. An entirely new federal department, the Department of Homeland Security, was created to deal with domestic terror threats.
Like the media, the bureaucracy is often referred to as the Fourth Branch of government. In reality it is a part of the executive branch. The heads of the various departments—the secretary of state or defense or the attorney general—are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate.
Early on in our democracy, the bureaucracy was often used for patronage—the supporters of whatever politician was in power were appointed cushy federal jobs in exchange for their support. This largely changed as a result of widespread corruption and incompetence during the late 1800’s.
Although they don’t create policy per se, federal agencies do have policy making capability. Since the Great Depression and World War II, federal agencies have implemented scores of public policies on issues ranging from business, education, general welfare and public safety.
Types of Bureaucratic Agencies The
The Senior Executive Service (SES) is the corps of executives, selected for their leadership qualifications, and charged with leading the continuing transformation of government. These leaders possess well-honed executive skills and share a broad perspective of government and a public service commitment which is grounded in the Constitution. As the leaders of our federal civilian workforce, Senior Executives strive each day to create a more citizen centered, result oriented Federal Government.
Excepted service positions are any federal or civil service positions which are not in the competitive service or the Senior Executive service. Excepted service agencies set their own qualification requirements and are not subject to the appointment, pay, and classification rules in title 5, United States Code. However, they are subject to veterans’ preference.
There are a number of ways to be appointed into the excepted service such as appointed under an authority defined by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) as excepted (e.g., Veterans Recruitment Appointment) or being appointed to a position defined by OPM as excepted (e.g., Attorneys). More information can be found about excepted service in 5 U.S.C. 2103 and parts 213 and 302 of title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
In the competitive service, individuals must go through a competitive hiring process (i.e., competitive examining) before being appointed which is open to all applicants. This process may consist of a written test, an evaluation of the individual’s education and experience, and/or an evaluation of other attributes necessary for successful performance in the position to be filled.
What Does the Bureaucracy Look Like?
There are two events that make the bureaucracy grow—wars and economic declines. During these times, the government allocates more funding and expands programs. Once an agency is created or given money, however, and programs are created, they are very hard to dismantle. This why bureaucracies grow even when the president is an advocate of smaller government.
Since the bureaucracy deals with so much, including maintenance of the highways and distribution of Social Security checks, it employs millions—roughly three million—people around the country. Some areas of the country have high numbers of federal employees, particularly Virginia and Maryland, which abut the federal capitol.
These days, bureaucracies aren’t really depositories for big donors. (Ambassadors’ posts are another story). Most bureaucrats are hired using the results of exams such as the Civil Service Exam and the Foreign Service Exam, and are highly trained and competent.
As mentioned, the bureaucracy is mostly part of the executive branch. Executive branch departments include the fifteen departments (cabinet-level posts) such as the Department of State, the Department of Commerce and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). One recent major program, Obamacare, comes under the purview of HHS.
There are also independent agencies with very specific tasks. These include the Consumer Product Safety Commission, which regulates product safety and issues recalls; the Environmental Protection Agency, which regulates air, land and water quality; the Federal Reserve (or, “the Fed”), which sets interest rates and regulates national banking and US bond markets; and NASA, or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which conducts space research.
Just because these agencies are not in the executive branch does not make them less important or powerful. In fact, with his ability to set interest rates, the Fed chairman has sometimes been referred to as the real most powerful man in the world.
A concept you will hear in AP® US Government & Politics is iron triangle. Iron triangles are relationships between federal agencies, the congressional committees that oversee them, and interest groups. These three institutions interact frequently and tend to influence each other’s decisions. Since interest groups can provide money and grassroots support to politicians, committees tend to give interests groups’ opinions considerable sway in the policy making process.
Bureaucrats like to make nice with legislators, too, as the legislatures could easily cut the agency’s budget in future years. Both agencies and legislators benefit from the specialized research and other information the issue groups can provide. And—when they retire from government—interest groups provide bureaucrats and politicians with cushy, lucrative jobs in the private sector.
OK—now why don’t we take a look at a sample free-response question from a past AP® US Government & Politics exam?
FAQ
What is the civil service AP Gov?
The permanent, professional branches of government administration. The civil service is nonpartisan and its employees are hired and promoted based on merit rather than patronage.
What is civil service quizlet?
What is the civil service system and why is it important quizlet?
What is civil service reform quizlet?
