If you enjoy this table, be sure to check out all the other Science Notes periodic tables. In addition to useful and informative tables, we have an assortment of unusual arrangements and festive holiday-themed tables.
Printing this table is as easy as downloading the PDF. It is optimized to print on 8 1/2 x 11-inch paper but scales down nicely to A4 size with no loss of readability. Be sure to use the “Fit to Paper” option before hitting Print.
There are a few other elements that are close to being liquids at room temperature. These elements being cesium, francium, gallium, and rubidium. For more information about what it takes to be a liquid element, check out Liquid Elements on the Periodic Table.
Have you ever needed a periodic table shows the natural state of elements at room temperature?
This table breaks up the elements by their state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) at room temperature. Since nearly all of the elements are solids, their most stable crystalline structure is included on the table.
Objective: To be able to use the periodic table to identify and classify elements and to use the periodic table to predict the behavior of elements
Li, Be, B, C, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Ba, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Ra, Rf, Ha, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Uun, Uuu, Uub
Tc, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Rf, Ha, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr
B Benzoic acid has more than four carbon atoms and is polar, so it is not likely to be a gas. Both cyclohexene and cyclobutane are essentially nonpolar molecules, but cyclobutane (C4H8) has a significantly lower molecular mass than cyclohexene (C6H10), which again has more than four carbon atoms. We therefore predict that cyclobutane is most likely a gas at room temperature and pressure, while cyclohexene is a liquid. In fact, with a boiling point of only 12°C, compared to 83°C for cyclohexene, cyclobutane is indeed a gas at room temperature and pressure.
While gases have a wide array of uses, a particularly grim use of a gaseous substance is believed to have been employed by the Persians on the Roman city of Dura in eastern Syria in the third century AD. The Persians dug a tunnel underneath the city wall to enter and conquer the city. Archeological evidence suggests that when the Romans responded with counter-tunnels to stop the siege, the Persians ignited bitumen and sulfur crystals to produce a dense, poisonous gas. It is likely that bellows or chimneys distributed the toxic fumes. The remains of about 20 Roman soldiers were discovered at the base of the city wall at the entrance to a tunnel that was less than 2 m high and 11 m long. Because it is highly unlikely that the Persians could have slaughtered so many Romans at the entrance to such a confined space, archeologists speculate that the ancient Persians used chemical warfare to successfully conquer the city.
Figure 10.1.2 Elements That Occur Naturally as Gases, Liquids, and Solids at 25°C and 1 atm
A Lithium carbonate is Li2CO3, containing Li+ and CO32− ions, and vanadium(III) oxide is V2O3, containing V3+ and O2− ions. Both are primarily ionic compounds that are expected to be solids. The remaining three compounds are all covalent.
Figure 10.1.2 shows the locations in the periodic table of those elements that are commonly found in the gaseous, liquid, and solid states. Except for hydrogen, the elements that occur naturally as gases are on the right side of the periodic table. Of these, all the noble gases (group 18) are monatomic gases, whereas the other gaseous elements are diatomic molecules (H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2). Oxygen can also form a second allotrope, the highly reactive triatomic molecule ozone (O3), which is also a gas. In contrast, bromine (as Br2) and mercury (Hg) are liquids under normal conditions (25°C and 1.0 atm, commonly referred to as “room temperature and pressure”). Gallium (Ga), which melts at only 29.76°C, can be converted to a liquid simply by holding a container of it in your hand or keeping it in a non-air-conditioned room on a hot summer day. The rest of the elements are all solids under normal conditions.
FAQ
What elements exist as a liquid at ordinary conditions?
Which elements exist in solid state?
What elements exist as a gas at ordinary conditions?
